Welcome! Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts

Numerous tools exist for those who work on sound systems. The most important are the mathematical tools. Their application is independent of the type of system or it's use, plus, they are not subject to obsolescence like most of the hardware and software within the field of audio engineering. Of course, one must always balance the mathematical approach with real world experience to gain an understanding of the shortcomings and limitations of the formulas. Once the basics have been mastered, sound system work becomes largely intuitive. (reference)

The Decibel and Levels
Frequency and Wavelength
The Principle of Superposition
Ohm's Law and the Power Equation
Impedance, Resistance and Reactance
Introduction to Human Hearing
Monitoring Audio Program Material
Sound Radiation Principles
Wave Interference

The Decibel and Levels

The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity) relative to a specified or implied reference level. A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities.[1] A decibel is one tenth of a bel, a seldom-used unit.The decibel is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering, most prominently in acoustics, electronics, and control theory. In electronics, the gain of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. The decibel confers a number of advantages, such as the ability to conveniently represent very large or small numbers, and the ability to carry out multiplication of ratios by simple addition and subtraction.The decibel symbol is often qualified with a suffix, that indicates which reference quantity or frequency weighting function has been used. For example, dBm indicates that the reference quantity is one milliwatt, while dBu is referenced to 0.775 volts RMS.

The Decibel expresses "how much" in a way that is relevant to the human perception of loudness.
Subjective Change	Decibel Change
Barely Perceptible	1 dB
Noticeable to most	3 dB
System Changes	6 dB
Twice as Loud or Soft	10 dB
Limits of Audability	30-40 db

Frequency and Wavelength

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Basic Concepts

The Decibel and Levels

Frequency and Wavelength

The Principle of Superposition

Ohm's Law and the Power Equation

Impedence, Resistance and Reactance

Introduction to Human Hearing

Monitoring Audio Program Material

Sound Radiation Principles

Wave Interference